Commuting in America — Brief 13.
Transit Commuting
Quon Kwan
In January 2015, the American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) published the thirteenth brief, Transit
Commuting, in the series, Commuting in America.
Commuting in America was published as a single
volume in 1990, 2000, and 2006, but this is the first
year, the publication appears as a series of briefs.
The authors include Steven Polzin (Center for
Urban Transportation Research at the University of
South Florida), Bruce Spear (Cambridge
Systematics), Liang Long (Cambridge Systematics),
Nancy McGuckin (consultant) and Alan Pisarski
(consultant).
Brief 12. Auto Commuting notes that auto
commuting (including carpooling) is decreasing and
transit commuting is increasing. Brief 13 describes
transit commuting trends and relationships. Transit
commuting, which hovers around 5% of all
commuting modes, is more challenging to analyze
because of its modest share and the constraints of
sample size in both the American Community
Survey and the National Household Travel Survey
data sources. From 1980 to 2010, transit
commuting first declined from more than 6 million
daily commuters and 6.22% of the workforce to 5.87
million and 4.58% of the workforce in 2000. It then
began increasing to 6.77 million daily commuters
and 5% of the workforce in 2010. Data from transit
agencies gathered by both the American Public
Transportation Association and the National Transit
Database show that the downward trend in transit
ridership for work commuting actually reversed in
1996. While the data from these two sources are
annual, the data gathered by the American
Community Survey and National Household Travel
Survey are on an irregular basis.
Mode loyalty as measured over the three
prior National Household Travel Surveys indicates
that the regular transit commuter actually takes
transit about 70% of the time for their commuting.
The geographic variation in transit
commuting shares is very large, reflecting
differences in transit availability and
competitiveness from region to region. In particular,
approximately half of the total transit commuting for
work occurs in the Northeast, and the Northeast has
the vast majority of heavy rail commuters and
commuter rail commuters. The West, South, and
Midwest regions, each has less than 37% of the
commuters that the Northeast has. According to the
2010 American Community Survey, the New York
metropolitan area accounts for 39% of the nation’s
reported transit commuters, and transit serves more
than 30% of commuters in the New York
metropolitan area. The next highest number of
transit commuters is in the Chicago metropolitan
area, but that number is less than 20% as many as
in New York. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Boston,
and Washington, DC round out the top six
metropolitan areas for transit commuting,
comprising more than 65% of the nation’s transit
commuters,
Over the past 20 years, the share of transit
mode in commuting changed very little (i.e.,
between +2.75% and -1.4%). Part of the reason
that these changes are not more strongly positive is
that this 20-year period bridged the low point in
transit use in 1996. The cities with increases in
transit mode shares were New York, Washington,
DC, San Francisco, Boston, Portland, Los Angeles,
and Las Vegas. The cities with decreases in transit
mode shares were Chicago, Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, New Orleans, and Milwaukee. Larger
increases tend to occur in larger cities because
such areas have the quality and quantity of transit
service to enhance transit’s competitiveness.
American Public Transportation Association data
indicate that the supply of transit service (i.e.,
revenue vehicle miles or hours) rose about 60%
between 1990 and 2010. However, the growth in
ridership did not keep up with growth in transit
service.
The analysis of transit commuters by annual
household (not individual) income found that use of
streetcar or trolley is pretty much constant
regardless of income. Use of heavy rail, bus, and
trolley bus is level until $50,000/household, rises to
a peak at $100,000/household, and then lowers
(only s lightly f or heavy r ail) un til
$150,000/household where it levels out. Use of
commuter rail is level until $50,000/household and
rises without peaking. The transit mode share for
annual household incomes below $50,000 and
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 3, July 2015
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