Feature Articles
•
Broad Coalition Unites in Annapolis to
Call for Building the Purple Line Now!
(p. 1)
•
MARC Camden Line Adds Three Trains
(p. 3)
•
ACT Sues Over Secrecy in Campaign
Against Purple Line (p. 3)
ACT’s monthly meetings are held at the
ACT’s monthly meetings are held at the ACT’s monthly meetings are held at the
ACT’s monthly meetings are held at the Silver Spring
Silver Spring Silver Spring
Silver Spring
Civic Building,
Civic Building,Civic Building,
Civic Building, One Veterans Place 20910, in the
One Veterans Place 20910, in the One Veterans Place 20910, in the
One Veterans Place 20910, in the
Ellsworth Room at 7:30 PM, the second Tuesday of
Ellsworth Room at 7:30 PM, the second Tuesday of Ellsworth Room at 7:30 PM, the second Tuesday of
Ellsworth Room at 7:30 PM, the second Tuesday of
each month.
each month.each month.
each month.
The Silver Spring Civic Building is located at the
The Silver Spring Civic Building is located at the The Silver Spring Civic Building is located at the
The Silver Spring Civic Building is located at the
corner of Fenton St & Ellsworth Dr.
corner of Fenton St & Ellsworth Dr.corner of Fenton St & Ellsworth Dr.
corner of Fenton St & Ellsworth Dr.
It is an eight
It is an eight It is an eight
It is an eight
minute walk north from the Silver Spring Metro
minute walk north from the Silver Spring Metro minute walk north from the Silver Spring Metro
minute walk north from the Silver Spring Metro
Station.
Station.Station.
Station.
The nearest bus routes are: Ride
The nearest bus routes are: Ride The nearest bus routes are: Ride
The nearest bus routes are: Ride-
--
-On routes
On routes On routes
On routes
#9, #12, #15, #16, #17, #19 and #20; and, Metrobus
#9, #12, #15, #16, #17, #19 and #20; and, Metrobus #9, #12, #15, #16, #17, #19 and #20; and, Metrobus
#9, #12, #15, #16, #17, #19 and #20; and, Metrobus
routes Z6 and Z8.
routes Z6 and Z8.routes Z6 and Z8.
routes Z6 and Z8.
Parking is available at the Town Square Garage just
Parking is available at the Town Square Garage just Parking is available at the Town Square Garage just
Parking is available at the Town Square Garage just
across Ellsworth Dr from the Civic Building; it is free
across Ellsworth Dr from the Civic Building; it is free across Ellsworth Dr from the Civic Building; it is free
across Ellsworth Dr from the Civic Building; it is free
after 6:00pm.
after 6:00pm.after 6:00pm.
after 6:00pm.
For meeting updates check our website listed on pg 2.
For meeting updates check our website listed on pg 2.For meeting updates check our website listed on pg 2.
For meeting updates check our website listed on pg 2.
April 14: Speaker:
April 14: Speaker: April 14: Speaker:
April 14: Speaker: David Moon, Delegate District 20
David Moon, Delegate District 20David Moon, Delegate District 20
David Moon, Delegate District 20
-
“
““
“Purple Line
Purple Line Purple Line
Purple Line -
--
- End
End End
End-
--
-Of
OfOf
Of-
--
-Session Legislative
Session Legislative Session Legislative
Session Legislative
Update”
Update”Update”
Update”
May 12: Speaker:
May 12: Speaker: May 12: Speaker:
May 12: Speaker: Bill Schultheiss, Vice President,
Bill Schultheiss, Vice President, Bill Schultheiss, Vice President,
Bill Schultheiss, Vice President,
Toole Design Group
Toole Design GroupToole Design Group
Toole Design Group
-
“
“ “
“Creating Complete
Creating Complete Creating Complete
Creating Complete
Streets in the Suburbs”
Streets in the Suburbs”Streets in the Suburbs”
Streets in the Suburbs”
June 9: Speakers:
June 9: Speakers: June 9: Speakers:
June 9: Speakers: Nat Bottigheimer and Matthew
Nat Bottigheimer and Matthew Nat Bottigheimer and Matthew
Nat Bottigheimer and Matthew
Ridgway, Fehr & Peers
Ridgway, Fehr & PeersRidgway, Fehr & Peers
Ridgway, Fehr & Peers
-
“
“ “
“What Montgomery
What Montgomery What Montgomery
What Montgomery
County's Growth Policy Can Learn from
County's Growth Policy Can Learn from County's Growth Policy Can Learn from
County's Growth Policy Can Learn from
California”
California”California”
California”
Transit Times
The Newsletter of the Action Committee for Transit of Montgomery County, Maryland
Volume 29, Number 2, April 2015
Broad Coalition Unites in
Annapolis to Call for Building the
Purple Line Now!
Purple Line Now! Press
Release of March 9, 2015
A unified and broad coalition of business,
community [including ACT], and environmental
groups gathered in Annapolis tonight to call on
legislators to build the Purple Line without delay.
Over a hundred Purple Line advocates met in
the Lowe House Building before visiting their
legislator’s offices to encourage them to keep
fighting for the Purple Line at this time when
Governor Hogan has already delayed the Purple
Line by several months and will endeavor to
carry out his campaign promise to backpeddle
on the increase in gasoline taxes to bolster the
Transportation Trust Fund, which will pay for the
state’s share of the Purple Line.
•
Celebrities Ride Public Transit to Emmy
Awards – Is There More Behind It? (p. 4)
•
ACT Meets With Acting MCDOT Chief
(p. 5)
•
Transit Authority Plan Misfires (p. 5)
•
Is Bus Driving a Depressing Job? (p. 6)
•
ACT Rally for the Purple Line a Great
Success! (p. 7)
•
ACT Volunteer Thank You Party (p. 7)
Join ACT Now
You can join ACT by remitting
membership dues. Your membership
dues are based on the category of
membership that you choose:
$10 [rider
(code R on mail label)
]
$25 [activist
(code A on mail label)
]
$50 [conductor
(code C on mail label)
]
$100 [engineer
(code E on mail label)
]
[the two digits after your category of
membership code indicates year paid]
You can join/renew online at our
website, or send your check for the
chosen category of membership to:
Action Committee for Transit
P.O. Box 7074
Silver Spring, MD 20907
www.actfortransit.org
www.twitter.com/actfortransit
www.facebook.com/actfortransit
You may also give your membership
dues to Treasurer Dave Anderson at
the next ACT meeting. The address
on your check will be used as the
mailing address unless otherwise
indicated.
Your dues support ACT Activities and
this newsletter.
“The Purple Line will create thousands of
permanent jobs, generate billions of dollars in new
economic activity, and provide a vital east-transit
transit connection between the University of
Maryland and job centers in Maryland’s suburbs,”
said Ralph Bennett, President of Purple Line NOW.
“The project is shovel-ready and almost $1 billion of
federal funding is sitting on the table waiting for the
State to move forward. This project has been in the
works for more than two decades, and further delay
is not an option,” he added.
Representatives from the region's business
community emphasized the project’s economic
importance. “The business community is united
behind this project,” said Miti Figueredo, on behalf
of the Economic Partners of the Purple Line, a pro-
Purple Line business coalition. Ms. Figueredo, a
Vice President of The Chevy Chase Land
Company, added, “We understand that the
continued growth of our region’s economy
absolutely depends on the Purple Line, and many
of our companies have made strategic investments
with the expectation that it would be built after so
many years of study.”
Richard Parsons, Vice Chair of the
Suburban Maryland Transportation Alliance, says
“Employers want to locate near transit, and
residents want to live near transit.” emphasizing
that Maryland’s suburbs need more transit options
in order to compete for private sector and federal
jobs. “The FBI is looking for a new site and Marriott
just announced that it plans to relocate its
headquarters near transit,” Mr. Parsons added.
“Maryland needs the Purple Line to remain
competitive, and I’m hopeful Governor Hogan will
understand this.”
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
2
Remembering Harry Sanders
The March 10, 2015 meeting of Action Committee for Transit landed on the five
year anniversary of the passing of ACT co-founder Harry Sanders. During the opening
of the meeting ACT President Nick Brand paused to honor Harry and his passionate
efforts to make the Purple Line a reality. Harry fought tirelessly to advance the Purple
Line. He is still missed by those who had the privilege of working with him.
MARC Camden Line Adds Three
Trains
Ross Capon
Maryland Area Rail Commuter (MARC)
Camden line expanded service on Monday,
March 9. The new schedule’s yellow cover
promotes the new, earlier departure from
Washington’s Union Station at 3:30 PM to Dorsey
Station in Howard County, 43 minutes earlier
than what used to be the first PM departure. The
train makes a return trip leaving Dorsey at 4:45
PM, improving schedule choices for reverse
commuters.
A media event that day focused on
announcing the new, 7:40 AM departure from
Union Station to Camden Station in Baltimore.
This new trip improves linking the College Park
and Baltimore campuses of the University of
Maryland. I boarded the first trip at College Park
along with its Mayor, Andrew Fellows, State
Senator Jim Rosapepe, and State Delegate Eric
Ebersole. Maryland Transit Administration
officials on board included: Administrator, Robert
L. Smith; Director of Governmental Affairs,
James Knighton; and Engineering Officer, Suhair
Al Khatib. Also present was Eric C. Olson,
Executive Director of the College Park City-
University Partnership.
Upon arrival at Camden Yards, Smith and
the political leaders spoke along with University
of Maryland Vice President for Administration &
Finance, Carlo Colella; President, University of
Maryland at Baltimore, Jay Perman; and
University of Maryland at College Park Student
Government Association Director of City Affairs,
Cole Holocker. Mr. Holocker told me of his
group's strong support for the Purple Line. Along
with Penn Line passengers displaced by an
Amtrak derailment, reporters rode the train and
covered the speeches at Camden Yards.
The additional trips are a small, but
valuable step forward for public transportation!
ACT Sues Over Secrecy in
Campaign Against Purple Line
ACT Press Release of February 2, 2015
The Action Committee for Transit (ACT),
represented on a pro bono basis by the law firm
of Baker and Hostetler, filed suit in Maryland
District Court against the Town of Chevy Chase
for violating the state Public Information Act by
hiding key information about its campaign against
the Purple Line. “For two decades plus, Maryland
law has required towns to disclose whom they
hire, for what purpose, and at what cost. The
public has a right to know details of the Town’s
contracts with lobbyists and consultants and what
they are doing to delay or block the Purple Line,”
said ACT President Nick Brand. “The Town may
not use exorbitant fees to hide their taxpayer-
funded activities.”
ACT estimates that the Town of Chevy
Chase, which includes 1,200 households, spent
over half a million dollars in public funds on
lobbyists and consultants to block the Purple
Line. The Town is paying $29,000 a month to the
lobbying and law firm of the brother of House
Transportation and Infrastructure Chair Bill
Shuster, yet has not disclosed activities
undertaken at public expense.
Although the Town’s annual budget is
about $3.5 million with a reserve fund nearing $9
million, ACT’s requests for documents have been
stalled by demands for fees of over $170/hr. for
staff time and 50¢/page for copying. The suit
seeks to order the Town to turn over the
requested documents and to enjoin the charging
of fees for the documents, per Maryland’s Public
Information Act.
In a recent letter to Maryland Governor
Hogan about the Purple Line, the Town Council
of Chevy Chase complained that “the lack of
transparency and tangible information” is
“discouraging” and “unacceptable.” The Town
Council added, “the people of Maryland deserve
clear, honest, and objective information on how
their money will be spent.” ACT couldn't agree
more. The complaint and supporting documents
are posted at www.actfortransit.org
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
3
Celebrities Ride Public Transit to
Emmy Awards – Is There More
Behind It?
Quon Kwan
The Emmy Awards took place on Monday,
August 25, 2014, at the Nokia Theater L.A. Live!
in downtown Los Angeles. This is the first time in
40 years that the Emmy Awards were held on a
weekday afternoon instead of a Sunday night. In
order to beat the Monday afternoon downtown
traffic, comedian, actor, and late night talk-show
host Jimmy Kimmel and his wife, writer and
producer, Molly McNearney decided to take public
transportation.
He chronicled their journey on his web
site. Because they live in Hollywood, they took
the Metro Red Line subway (heavy rail) from the
Hollywood and Highland station to Metro Center
at Seventh St. and Flower Ave., transferred to the
Blue Line (light rail between Los Angeles and
Long Beach), and alighted at the Pico Blvd.
station. The Pico Blvd. station is about three
blocks from the Nokia Theater L.A. Live! It is
also the same station that serves the Staples
Center sports arena where the two basketball
teams, Lakers and Clippers play. In the
snapshots that he posted on his web site, they
both wore formal attire while riding the two rail
lines.
Is this remarkable event of celebrity Jimmy
Kimmel riding on public transportation to the
Emmys a one-time-only, isolated event? The
answer is NO because there is more behind it:
Jimmy Kimmel is an environmentalist and
supports public transportation.
Kimmel often discusses global warming in
his political comedy. He came up with an unusual
idea of filming one of his late-night talk shows
(“Jimmy Kimmel Live”) on a transit bus and
pitched it to his team. He was excited because it
was out of the ordinary plus he liked the idea of
being able to go “green” and to celebrate people
who were saving money and gas by devoting a
show to them in 2007. The challenge of pulling it
off thrilled Kimmel’s executive producer. Kimmel’s
staff called several transit agencies to see if they
would offer a bus. Most of the transit agencies
called were afraid of losing control and the
visibility of something gone awry.
Although not the first transit agency
approached, Big Blue Bus General Manager
Stephanie Negriff was excited about the prospect
of Big Blue Bus being the first transit system
filmed on a live television show. Big Blue Bus is
the logo for Santa Monica Municipal Bus Lines, a
suburban bus operator in Los Angeles County).
Big Blue Bus carries 21 million passengers a year
on a fleet of 210 buses, of which slightly less than
half run on clean-burning liquefied natural gas.
When Negriff learned that Kimmel was an
environmentalist and understood the benefits of
public transportation, she wanted Big Blue Bus to
work with him. It took two months to prepare for
filming the show because of the number of offices
involved: legal, risk management, maintenance,
marketing, and security. Kimmel’s staff constantly
communicated with all these offices to resolve the
issues.
To be fair, Big Blue Bus held a contest
among its drivers to determine who would drive
the bus for the filming of the show. Candidates
submitted their photographs, along with a short
essay on why they would be the best driver for
the show. Finalists were narrowed down to a half-
dozen drivers with the best driving and customer
service records. After interviews with Kimmel,
veteran driver Erskins Robinson won. To
minimize the chance of an accident, Robinson
was not allowed to converse while driving. In
order to introduce Robinson to the riders as well
as the viewers, a brief video segment called
“Meet Your Driver” was played during the show.
A 40-foot New Flyer Big Blue Bus was modified to
resemble a studio with a miniature desk where
Kimmel interviewed guests as they sat across
from him. Test runs with an empty bus driven by
Robinson were conducted three to four times a
night.
On May 15, 2007, Jimmy Kimmel filmed
his show on a Big Blue Bus as it ran its regularly
scheduled route through Santa Monica, CA. The
same show was re-broadcasted on June 11, 2007
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
4
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
5
on the ABC television network. (June 11 was ten
days before “Dump the Pump Day.”) Robinson
was at the wheel during the entire show. Riders
boarding the bus become the show's guests, as
the bus followed its normal route. Regular riders
on that particular bus included a student who was
studying to be a heart surgeon and a young
couple, who were on their first date.
Guests specifically invited for this
particular episode included American Idol judge
Paula Abdul, rapper and reality-show start Flavor
Flav, and recording singer Feist, who were
picked up at bus stops along the way. In addition
to the band, show regulars Cousin Sal, Uncle
Frank and Guillermo went along for the ride.
Highlights of the show included Cousin Sal’s gas
station skit, in which he raised gas prices while
customers were filling tanks. The episode
included Kimmel, Frank and Guillermo stopping
to get food for everyone on the bus.
The show was a win-win for both Kimmel
and Big Blue Bus. It boosted awareness about
public transportation. William W. Millar, who at
that time was President of the American Public
Transportation Association, complimented
Kimmel for both his enthusiastic supporting of
public transportation and his innovative
publicizing of public transportation by filming the
first-ever late night talk show aboard a transit
bus. We can definitely expect more shows of
support for public transportation from Jimmy
Kimmel.
ACT Meets With Acting MCDOT
Chief
Ben Ross
ACT board members Jim Clarke, Tracey
Johnstone, and Ben Ross met on March 23 with
Al Roshdieh, who became head of the
Montgomery County Dept. of Transportation on
December 22.
Roshdieh's official title is acting director,
but he is likely to hold that post for much or all of
County Executive Leggett's four-year term.
Leggett has indicated that the search for a new
director will not begin until the issue of a county
transit authority is resolved - something that will
take at least another year and perhaps longer.
In interviews since taking the position,
Roshdieh has promised a new focus on non-
automobile transportation. To help move that
along, ACT gave him a list of pedestrian
improvements that could be accomplished
quickly at minimal cost (through restriping
roadways, changing traffic light timing, signs,
etc.).
Policy changes on the list included
stopping the use of "beg buttons" that
pedestrians must push to get a walk signal, not
plowing snow onto sidewalks, and putting up
signs showing how to walk to Metro. Also
included were 46 locations where we
recommended specific modifications to make it
easier and safer to walk.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Transit Authority Plan Misfires
Ben Ross
County Executive Leggett withdrew a proposal for an independent authority that would operate
Ride-On, parking districts, and the future BRT system after it ran into multiple objections in late January.
ACT testified in support of the creation of a transit authority, but objected to the inclusion of
parking. We also joined many other groups in asking for more openness in the operation of the new
body.
The legislature, which must approve a new authority, is expected to try to convene all interest
groups this summer to come up with a more acceptable bill.
Is Bus Driving a Depressing Job?
Quon Kwan
According to the study, “Prevalence Rates
for Depression by Industry: A Claims Analysis,”
published in Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric
Epidemiology, Vol. 49 (November 2014), driving a
bus is not only a depressing job, but the most
depressing job in industry. The study was authored
by researchers from the University of Cincinnati,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, and Emergint Technologies.
What prompted the study was the need for
data relating depression and the type of industry.
Known so far is that depression is correlated with job
strain, defined by low physical activity, low decision
latitude, and high demand. Depression is important
because it is common and costly: it is an important
occupational health priority. Identifying those
industries with high depression rates would lead to
better targeting for management of depression.
The authors carried out the study by using a
large, group medical claims database to determine
the prevalence of depression. The group consisted
of 214,413 individuals working for 8,235 employers
in 55 industries during 2002-2005. The medical
claims database came from Highmark, Inc., a Blue
Cross Blue Shield insurer covering western
Pennsylvania. Individuals enrolled during 2002-
2005, classified in the same job in all four years
were included in the analysis. This screening
ensures a high share of longer-term employees in
the analysis because depression is a chronic
condition. The screening resulted in the 214,413
individuals, which was one-third of the original
sample size. Moreover, there was a sample size of
at least 200 individuals within each of the 55
industries to ensure statistical significance. The
results of the study showing the top ten industries
with the highest rates of depression:
Local and intercity passenger transit 16.2%
Real estate 15.6%
Social services 14.6%
Miscellaneous manufacturing 14.3%
Personal services 14.3%
Legal services 13.4%
Environmental quality & housing 13.4%
Membership organizations 13.3%
Security & commodity brokers 12.6%
Printing & publishing 12.4%
[The industry with the lowest rate of
depression was the amusement and recreation
industry – only 6.87%.]
Why do local and suburban transit drivers
and intercity bus drivers (train operators and station
managers are not included) have the highest rate of
depression in industry? As aforementioned,
depression is correlated with job strain, defined by (i)
low physical activity, (ii) low decision latitude, and
(iii) high demand. The authors found the level of
physical activity was lowest for bus drivers among
the top 10 industries with the highest depression
rates. Physical activity is important to release
muscle tension due to “emotional labor” described
below. There is very little opportunity for the bus
driver to move about within the ambit of the bus.
As for low decision latitude, the authors
found that decision latitude was lowest in the
transportation, warehousing, and utility industry
sectors. Bus drivers have low decision latitude
because they must strictly follow standard operating
procedures in terms of dress code, rider
communications, route adherence, schedule
adherence, reporting incidents, and they must also
follow countless safety rules for operating the bus.
High demand is manifested by job-related
anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorders; the authors
found that the importance of stress tolerance for bus
drivers was highest among the top ten industries
with the highest depression rates. The authors also
point out that the most salient pattern in the results
is that these industries involve frequent or complex
interactions with people. The authors note that
“emotional labor” (i.e., interpersonal conflict and
encounters with difficult people) contributes to
depression. They found the frequency of conflict
situations for bus drivers again was highest among
the top ten industries with the highest depression
rates. They also found that the frequency of dealing
with unpleasant, angry or discourteous people by
bus drivers was highest among the top ten industries
with the highest depression rates.
Driving a bus constantly involves inevitable
conflicts with riders who don’t pay their fares, don’t
want to hear about not eating or drinking, don’t want
to lower their volume, don’t like the rules or who are
angry about delays and missed connections,
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
6
cont. on pg 8
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
ACT Volunteer Thank You Party
Kathy Jentz
As a thank you for their service to the Action
Committee for Transit in 2014, the ACT Board and
Staff hosted a ACT Volunteer Thank You Party on
the afternoon of Sunday, February 22 at Nick and
Carole Brand’s home in Chevy Chase, MD. Light
refreshments, including purple-themed candies were
served. The conversation was lively and inevitably
centered on the future of local transit projects. We
hope to make this an annual event. Without our
active volunteers, ACT would not be the great force
that it is today!
ACT Rally for the Purple Line a Great
Success!
Kathy Jentz
A group of more than 30 ACT members and
Purple Line supporters gathered on March 2
nd
at the
AFI Theater in Silver Spring to rally against a so-
called "debate" on the Purple Line held by the anti-
transit Maryland Public Policy Institute. The
"debate" was a fundraiser that cost $45 per person
to attend, and featured Randal O'Toole, an anti-
Purple Line propagandist who just can't get his facts
right.
Our efforts made several news reports
including NBC 4 News and the Gazette.
After the rally, about 15 “purple” folks
gathered at the nearby Tastee Diner for delicious
purple (blueberry) pancakes and hot drinks to warm
up on that frigid, windy night. There was a round of
introductions and some serious networking ensued
and we even signed up a new member!
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
7
Photo by Kathy Jentz
ACT Board & volunteers chatting and enjoying the
spread, complements of Carol Brand.
Photo by Kathy Jentz
Photo by Kathy Jentz
From Bethesda . . .
. . . to Silver Spring
and beyond, this past Easter weekend the Transit
Bunny was busy installing 22 signs at future
Purple Line stops.
Editorial Remarks
Your Transit Times editor is Quon Kwan. Cutoff date
for receiving materials for the next publication is
June 12. Send your materials to Quon at:
qykwan@gmail.com or call him at:
(h) 301-460-7454.
ACT Officers/Staff for 2015:
President: Nick Brand
V. Pres
(campaigns)
: Ronit Dancis
V. Pres
(legislative)
: Jim Clarke
V. Pres
(land use)
: Dan Reed
Secretary: Tracey Johnstone
Treasurer: Dave Anderson
Board Member: Emily Shetty
Non-Voting ex officio board members:
Ralph Bennett: Purple Line Now!
Sareana Kimia: Student Rep
Wendy Leibowitz: Safe Walk to School
Ben Ross: Program Chair
Miriam Schoenbaum: Upcounty & MARC
Webmaster: Jeri Roth
Meeting Agenda: Neil Greene
Staff: Cindy Snow & Kathy Jentz
admin@actfortransit.org / 240-308-1209
Transit Times
Action Committee for Transit, Inc.
P.O. Box 7074
Silver Spring, MD 20907
ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED
Transit Times, vol. 29, no. 2, April 2015
8
PRSRT STD
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
SILVER SPRING, MD
PERMIT # 1931
2015 Bike to Work Day
is
Friday May 15, 2015
For information and to register:
www.biketoworkmetrodc.org
or call 800.745.7433
frustrated about directions, or upset with other
riders. The authors observe that bus drivers have
comparatively elevated rates of heart disease,
hypertension, or stroke, often attributed to job
stress. Bottom line (borrowed from New York City
Transit): Be someone who makes it a better
ride for everyone. Manners make a better
ride.
cont. from pg 6
